Separation processes are important in many industries.Membrane separation technology has been widely adapted in many separation processes due to its broad range of advantages,including lower energy and chemical consumption,and easier operation and maintenance.These processes include water purification,desalination,air filtration/separation,etc.

 In embodiments,an article of the present disclosure include a nanofibrous scaffold;at least a first layer of nanoporous graphene,nanoporous graphene oxide,or combinations thereof on at least a portion of a surface of the nanofibrous scaffold;an additive such as crosslinking agents and/or particles on an outer surface of the at least first layer of nanoporous graphene,nanoporous graphene oxide,or combination thereof;and at least a second layer of nanoporous grephene,nanoporous graphene oxide,or combinations thereof on at least a portion of the surface of the first layer of nanoporous graphene,nanoporous graphene oxide,or combination thereof,such that the additive is between the first and second layers of nanoporous graphene,nanoporous graphene oxide,or combinations thereof.